How to Write Dialogue That Captivates Your Reader

How to Write Dialogue That Captivates Your Reader How to Write Dialogue That Captivates Your Reader And unfortunately, your first reader will be an agent or an editor. You can’t slip anything boring past them. Your job is to make every word count. That’s the way to keep your reader riveted until the final page- no small task. Making every word count is how to write compelling dialogue. Readers love dialogue because: It breaks up intimidating blocks of narrative summary. It differentiates (through dialect and word choice) and reveals characters. Done well, it can move the story without author intrusion. But, as you have likely discovered, writing great dialogue is hard. If yours is bloated or obvious or telling or is in any other way uninteresting, readers won’t stay with you long. So how about we leave them no choice? Need help writing your novel?  Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. How to Write Dialogue in 6 Steps Cut to the Bone Reveal Backstory Reveal Character Be Subtle Read Your Dialogue Out Loud Create a Make My Day Moment Step 1. Cut to the Bone Unless you need to reveal a character as a brainiac or a blowhard pretending to be one, omit needless words. Obviously, you wouldn’t render a conversation the way a court transcript includes repetition and even um, ah, uh, etc. But even beyond that, see how much you can chop without losing the point. Like this: â€Å"What do you want to do this  Sunday?  I thought wWe could go to the amusement park.† â€Å"I was thinking about renting a rowboat,† Vladimir said.  on one of the lakes.† â€Å"Oh, Vladimir, that sounds wonderful! I’ve never gone rowing  before.† That doesn’t mean all your dialogue has to be short and choppy- just that you’ll cut the dead wood to keep to the point. You’ll be surprised by how much power it adds to your prose. Step 2. Reveal Backstory Layering in backstory through dialogue is another way to keep your reader turning pages. Hinting at some incident for the first time is an automatic setup that demands a payoff. Example: As they headed toward the house, Janet whispered, â€Å"Can we not have a repeat of Cincinnati?† Jeanie shot her a double take. â€Å"Believe me, I don’t want that any more than you do.† â€Å"Good,† Janet said. â€Å"I mean- † â€Å"Can we not talk about it, please?† What normal reader wouldn’t assume they will talk about it at some point and stay with the story until they do? As the story progresses, you can reveal more and more about your protagonist’s past and have your story come full circle. This accomplishes two things: it offers a setup that should intrigue the reader, and it helps you avoid flashbacks. Need help writing your novel?  Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. Step 3. Reveal Character Your reader learns a lot about your characters through dialogue. You don’t have to TELL us they’re sarcastic, witty, narcissistic, kind, or anything else. You can SHOW us by how they interact and by what they say. Step 4. Be Subtle Dialogue can accomplish a number of tasks. Here are three: 1. Subtext- where people say other than what they mean. This can be fun. Example: My friend sold a short story to a general-market magazine years ago about a girl named Cindy who falls in love with the slightly older boy next door, who sees her as just a little sister type. When they get to high school, Tommy is the big man on campus, captain of the football team, dating the head cheerleader, and pretty much ignoring Cindy. She’s just his younger neighbor and friend. Tommy leaves for college and word soon gets back to Cindy during her senior year of high school that he and his girlfriend have broken up. So when he comes home after his freshman year of college and is changing a tire on his car, Cindy just happens to walk outside. She strikes up a conversation with Tommy, and he looks up, stunned. Who is this beautylittle Cindy from next door? She says, â€Å"Making a change, are you?† Tommy looks at the tire and back at her and says, â€Å"Yeah, I actually I am making a change.† Cindy says, â€Å"Well, I’ve heard that rotating can be a good thing.† And he says, â€Å"Yeah, I’ve heard that too.† That’s subtext. They’re not saying what they really mean. They’re not really talking about changing the tire, are they? 2. Sidestepping- when a character responds to a question without answering it. Instead, what the character says is so profound and unexpected that it offers a whole new understanding of what’s going on. Example: In the movie Patch Adams, the late Robin Williams played a brilliant young doctor who believes the Old Testament adage that â€Å"laughter is the best medicine.† He goes into the children’s cancer ward of a hospital wearing an inflated surgical glove on his head, making him look like a rooster. He wears bedpans for shoes and stomps about, flapping his arms and squawking. The children find it hilarious, but hospital directors consider it undignified and demand he stop. Patch Adams is trying to make one girl in particular- a hospital volunteer- laugh. But while everyone else thinks he’s funny, she never cracks a smile. Finally, Patch leaves the hospital to open a clinic in the country. Imagine his surprise when that humorless young lady appears to help him set up. At one point, she goes outside to rest, so Patch follows and sits opposite her. He says, â€Å"I’ve got to ask. Everybody thinks I’m hysterical, but you. I’ve tried everything. What is it with you? Why don’t you ever think anything I say is funny?† After several seconds of silence, she says, â€Å"Men have liked me all my lifeall my life† And we realize by the way she says it, she was abused as a child. Suddenly, we understand what this girl is all about. She doesn’t trust men, and she doesn’t laugh, because life isn’t funny. The way she responded did not answer his question. Her problem had nothing to do with him or his humor. Finally, Patch realizes that some things aren’t funny. Some things you just don’t make fun of. Sometimes, you need to quit cracking jokes and just listen. It’s a great turnaround in the story. And an example of sidestep dialogue. 3. Silence The old truism that silence can be golden rings true for our last technique. Many, including Abraham Lincoln, have been credited with the line: â€Å"Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak and remove all doubt.† One of the toughest things to learn as a writer is to avoid filling silent gaps. Just like we shouldn’t tell what’s not happening in a story, neither do we need to write that someone didn’t respond or didn’t answer. If you don’t say they did, the reader will know they didn’t. Example: â€Å"Well John,† Linda said, â€Å"what do you have to say for yourself?† John set his jaw and stared out the window. â€Å"I’m waiting,† she said. He lit a cigarette. Linda shook her head. â€Å"I swear, John, honestly.† Now, too many writers feel the need to write here, â€Å"But he refused to say anything,† or â€Å"But he never responded.† Don’t! We know, we get it- and it’s loud, effective, silent dialogue. The reader knows because John is saying nothing, and yet saying everything. Silence is golden. Step 5. Read Your Dialogue Out Loud One way to be certain your dialogue flows is to read it aloud or even act it out. Anything that doesn’t sound right won’t read right either, so rewrite it until it does. Step 6. Create a â€Å"Make My Day† Moment Certain iconic lines of dialogue have become as legendary as the films and books they originate from: â€Å"Frankly my dear† â€Å"There’s no place like home.† â€Å"We’re not in Kansas anymore.† â€Å"To my big brother George, the richest man in town.† â€Å"What we have here is failure to communicate.† â€Å"Go ahead, make my day.† â€Å"May the force be with you.† â€Å"Houston, we have a problem.† â€Å"Run, Forrest, run!† â€Å"You had me at hello.† Most writers - even bestselling novelists - never create such an unforgettable line of dialogue. But striving to create one is a worthy effort. Ironically, it should fit so seamlessly it doesn’t draw attention to itself until fans begin quoting it. How to Use Dialogue Tags to Identify Speakers Dialogue attribution tags- he said, she said, etc.- indicate who is speaking. Resist the urge to get creative here. Said is almost always your best choice. Teachers who urge you to find alternatives are usually unpublished and believe agents and editors will be impressed. Trust me, they won’t be. Avoid mannerisms of attribution. People say things. They don’t wheeze, gasp, sigh, laugh, grunt or snort them. They might do any of those things while saying them, which might be worth mentioning, but the emphasis should be on what is said, and readers just need to know who is saying it. Keep it simple. All those other descriptors turn the spotlight on an intrusive writer. Sometimes people whisper or shout or mumble, but let their choice of words indicate they’re grumbling, etc. If it’s important that they sigh or laugh, separate that action from the dialogue. Jim sighed. â€Å"I can’t take this anymore.† Not: Jim sighed, â€Å"I can’t take this anymore.† Though you read them in school readers and classic fiction, attribution tags such as use of reply, retort, exclaim, and declare have become clicheÃŒ d and archaic. You’ll still see them occasionally, but I suggest not using them. Often no attribution is needed. Use dialogue tags only when the reader wouldn’t otherwise know who’s speaking. I once wrote an entire novel, The Last Operative, without attributing a single line of dialogue. Not a said, an asked, anything. I made clear through action who was speaking, and not one reader, even my editor, noticed. A common error is characters addressing each other by name too often. Real people rarely do this, and it often seems planted only to avoid a dialogue tag. Fictional dialogue should sound real. Don’t start your dialogue attribution tag with said. Rather, end with said. said Joe or said Mary, reads like a children’s book. Substitute he and she for the names and that will make it obvious. said he or said she just doesn’t sound right. Use said after the name for the best sound. Joe said or Mary said. Resist the urge to explain, and give the reader credit. The amateur writer often writes something like this: â€Å"I’m beat,† exclaimed John tiredly. Besides telling and not showing - violating a cardinal rule of writing - it uses the archaic exclaimed for said, misplaces that before the name rather than after, and adds the redundant tiredly. The pro would write: John dropped onto the couch. â€Å"I’m beat.† That shows rather than tells, and because John’s action has been described, we don’t need an attribution tag to know he’s speaking. How to Punctuate Dialogue Few things expose a beginner like incorrect punctuation, especially in dialogue. Agents and editors justifiably wonder if you read dialogue, let alone whether you can write it, if you write something like: â€Å"I don’t know.† she said. Or, â€Å"What do you think?† He said. To avoid common mistakes: Start a new paragraph for each speaker When one character’s dialogue extends to more than one paragraph, start each subsequent paragraph with a double quotation mark, and place your closing double quotation mark only at the end of the final paragraph. Place punctuation inside the quotation marks, the dialogue tag outside: â€Å"John was just here asking about you,† Jim said. The attribution tag goes after the first clause of a compound sentence: â€Å"Not tonight,† he said, â€Å"not in this weather.† When dialogue ends with a question or exclamation mark, the dialogue tag following the quotation marks should be lowercase:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m glad you’re here!† she said. Action before dialogue takes a separate sentence: Anna shook her head. â€Å"I can’t believe she’s gone!† Quoting within a quote requires single quotation marks: â€Å"Lucy, Mom specifically said, ‘Do not cut your bangs,’ and you did it anyway!† When action or attribution interrupts dialogue, use lowercase as dialogue resumes: â€Å"That,† she said, â€Å"hurt bad.† Dialogue Examples If you’re old enough to remember the original Twilight Zone (hosted by Rod Serling) or Dragnet (starring and narrated by Jack Webb), you know how dialogue set the tone for their shows. Serling was sometimes whimsical, sometimes mysterious, but always provocative. â€Å"Consider one middle-aged adult, lost in space and time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jack Webb, as L.A. police detective Sergeant Joe Friday, was always deadly serious and monotone. â€Å"Just the facts, ma’am.† Contrast those with the dialogue between Tom and his Aunt Polly in Tom Sawyer. If you’re anything like me, you were laughing from page 1. There! I mighta thought of that closet. What you been doing in there? Nothing. Nothing! Look at your hands. And look at your mouth. What IS that truck? I dont know, aunt. Well, I know. Its jam- thats what it is. Forty times Ive said if you didnt let that jam alone Id skin you. Hand me that switch. The switch hovered in the air- the peril was desperate- My! Look behind you, aunt! The old lady whirled round and snatched her skirts out of danger. The lad fled on the instant, scrambled up the highboard fence, and disappeared over it. Great dialogue can set the tone for your entire story and also differentiate characters, as we discussed earlier. In Huckleberry Finn,  Mark Twain delineates between Huck the Southern white boy and Jim the runaway slave by just hinting at their respective accents. Twain doesn’t use tags to tell who’s speaking, yet the reader never confuses the two. Huck says, â€Å"Jim, did y’all ever see a king?† Y’all is the only word in that sentence that implies a Southern accent, but it’s enough. Jim says, â€Å"I sho enough did.† Huck says, â€Å"You liar, Jim. You never seen no king.† Jim says, â€Å"I seen foh kings in a deck of cards.† Huck’s bad grammar and Jim’s sho and foh are the only hints of their dialects. Contrived phonetic spelling would slow the reading, but look what Twain accomplished with simple choices. The Cardinal Sin of Dialogue The last thing you want is to produce on-the-nose dialogue. Apply to your own work those principles and the tools I’ve outlined here, and I believe you’ll immediately see a huge difference. So will your reader. In the Comments, ask me any questions regarding how to write dialogue. Need help writing your novel?  Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide.

Fluid mechanics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Fluid mechanics - Assignment Example (1) Continuity Equation: from the consideration of mass conservation one can show that the net volume of fluid per unit time always remains constant as the fluid is incompressible (no variation in density), giving us where HL denotes the Head Lost due to fluid resistance, and all other symbols expressing usual meanings. While the first term is known as Static Head or Pressure Head, the second term is called Velocity Head; and the third term, denoting the Potential Head is zero in our case as the height of the axis at the inlet and outlet is same. In order to verify the basic laws of fluid dynamics, we have used a Venturi Tube or Venturimeter as described in the figure above. The fluid (water in our case) is allowed to flow in through the left-hand-side valve and it goes out through the right-hand-side valve of exactly equal cross-sectional area. In between these two extreme ends, there exists 9 other locations along the axis of the Tube where capillaries are inserted to measure the Pressure Head of the fluid flow from the height of the water in each tube. Thus, one can measure pressure at 11 different locations along the axis of the Venturimeter which is assumed to be the zero Potential Energy line for the fluid. As soon as the fluid flows through the Tube, the total time taken by it to cross-over the horizontal length of the Tube is also noted using a stopwatch, to calculate the Volumetric Flow Rate after determining the total volume of water collected. Besides, the height of the water in each of the 11 different capillary tubes is also measured and tabulated in Tables 1-3 below, for 3 different volumes of inflows. We observe here as well that there exists mismatch in the Total Energy. Since the Total Energy at the inflow valve was 0.2793 and that at the outflow valve was 0.2402, the Head Lost due to fluid resistance may be calculated as Another important observation needing special mentioning is that of Head Lost due to flow

Business information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business information system - Essay Example In this report, the key problems being faced by the school system were identified. Some of the main issues included delayed processing of administrative tasks, duplicated purchasing of equipment, difficult access to information for teachers, poor interpretation of documents, and poor resource management. To tackle those problems, a business information system was proposed and discussed in detail using concepts from authoritative sources. In the end, the implementation plan was also given to help the management of the school in the implementation of the proposed system. 1. Introduction (Proposed System) Improved access to information is the key to success in today’s business world. Every company belonging to any particular industry needs information to excel and take critical decisions regarding different business matters (Earl, 1996). The importance of using information systems in businesses can be known from the fact that they help managers and employees in processing of info rmation, as well as in doing business analysis. Using an information system, users can retrieve required information in the form of well-structured reports. Moreover, they can also perform their job related tasks quickly and efficiently using information systems. ... 2. Literature Review As Oz (2009, p. 9) states, â€Å"information is the lifeblood of any organization†. It is impossible for the management of a school or any other company to run business and administrative matters without information. For good organization and management of information, business information systems offer proper solutions. In general, business information system refers to the management of information in such a way that it can be used by the staff easily to run different business activities. According to Abel (2008), information system is an important software application that makes use of information technology tools to help people in information processing and management. The main thing is that this system helps users in retrieving right information in a timely manner. Improved access to information is one of the most attractive features regarding the use of this system. Business information systems are able to perform all tasks related to management of in formation some of which include storing of data, editing of data, processing of data into required information, organizing information in a proper format so that it do not get duplicated, and generating relevant reports based on the stored data. This system also helps companies in inventory management. A business information system is a valuable part of internal business control system that helps staff in managing inventory, supplying required systems, and managing information and procedures (Martin, 2010). The importance of business information systems in businesses cannot be denied. According to Stahl (2008, p. 1), information systems improve accuracy, reliability, safety, efficiency, and optimal control of business processes. if we talk about the

Critique on What Ive Learned from Men Essay Example for Free

Critique on What Ive Learned from Men Essay In the article â€Å"What I’ve Learned from Men. † The author Barbara Ehrenreich defines and roots her essay on things women can learn from men. She upholds that men influence women to become tough because of all the conflicts and arguments between the genders that make women recognize they are too ladylike when they are in a battle with men. She also explains that women should learn to get tough and take credit when they have accomplished or succeeded in a certain task and not just blame it on luck. Unfortunately, the article â€Å"What I’ve Learned from Men† is fruitless because the author hasn’t displayed any credible sources that support what she is claiming and also exhibits an amount of logical fallacies. First of all, there are several logical fallacies found in the article, which shows us why Barbara’s article is ineffectual. â€Å"I, a full-grown feminist†¦had behaved like a ninny-or, as I now understand it, like a lady. † This sentence is an example of Ad Hominem. The reason is that she refers to herself as a ninny, a foolish person, or in other words as a lady. Thus, she is attacking herself and all the other ladies who experience a similar event rather than the argument. Identically, the sentence â€Å"we spend a great deal of time acting like a wimp. † is another example of Ad Hominem. Another example is the entire fifth paragraph, â€Å"Think, for example†¦fascination for us. † This is clearly an example of Hasty Generalization where the author has referred the actors Mel Gibson, John Travolta and Marlon Brando as people who don’t talk and care about others feelings so, therefore, this has to be the same situation with us. But, there is no relation between them and us. Moreover, a good example of slippery slope is also present in the article. â€Å"If you’re not sure what to do with your face in the meantime, study Clint Eastwood’s expressions—both of them. † The reason is that the solution (study Clint Eastwood’s expressions) has nothing to do with the problem (what to do with your face). The first step does not lead to the second step and there is no connection between the two steps. Finally, there is an example of a Post-Hoc fallacy in the article. â€Å"If you take the credit you deserve†¦fully intend to do so again. † There is a connection between two ideas in the sentence. That is, if you take the credit for accomplishing something then this will result to being confident and succeeding again and again. Following this further, we will shift to the other claim of why the article is ineffective, which is the lack of supportive and credible sources. The author is not credible since all the information she supplied in her article is from her own experience and not from a well-known book or study. Hence, people will face difficulties in trusting whatever the author is saying in the article and especially males, since the independent variable in the article is men. â€Å"Sociologists have observed that in male-female social interactions it’s the woman who throws out leading questions and verbal encouragements. † This sentence has no proof, evidence or reference. So the author cannot just state this point without backing it up with proof. Logically, you can find men who are similar to this statement and women who are as well. Finally, this shows that the author is not demonstrating information and details with evidence and proof. Thus, this is another reason why the author’s article is ineffective. In conclusion, the article is fruitless since the author hasn’t supplied it with credible and supportive sources and references; as well as the presence of several amounts of logical fallacies and also of different types. This affected her argument badly and her reasoning just showed that she is trying to strengthen her opinion rather than strengthening her argument. Likewise, if the author has a very good experience in such topics but fails to have a good logical reasoning, the article’s reputation will be disrupted critically. Finally, the article should contain all these points so that it can be strong; and so that she can promote in what she believes in.

Macbeth Was Responsible For His Own Downfall Essay -- essays research

Macbeth is the driving force behind Macbeth’s downfall Lady Macbeth? The driving force behind Macbeth’s downfall? Certainly not. Macbeth was completely and solely responsible for all the acts of great evil which were to lead to his downfall, and to even suggest the blame can be shifted on his wife is ludicrous. From his very first meeting with the witches, Macbeth’s mind became instantly plagued with thoughts of murder and treachery. The guilty start that Banquo noticed: "Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair?†¦" showed us that the thought of murder was already at the back of his mind. This showed us that Macbeth could not have been as honourable and trustworthy as people believed him to be, given that if he had had but a shred of integrity, murder would have been the last thing on his mind. The witches cannot corrupt the virtuous (like Banquo), they can work only on the evil that they already find in their victim’s mind. At this point, Macbeth (and everyone else), was not aware of this evil inside of him, which is why he was so horrified by the hideous imaginings that spring to mind. He was afraid of speaking of his "black and deep desires" openly, even to himself. For this reason, he sends a letter to his wife, explaining the situation, hoping that the thought of murder would cross her mind, and he won’t have to be the one to bring it up. On receiving the letter, Lady Macbeth’s first thought (as Macbeth had hoped it would be) was one of murder. She was just as ambitious, if not more so, than her husband, so much so that she would do anything, even conspire to commit murder, to get what she wanted in the end. However, she was not an evil woman, which is why she felt the need to call on the powers of darkness to aid her in what she was about to do: "†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood &q... ...ad. Earlier, she had dismissed the matter of Duncan’s murder, but now she admits to herself what she knew all along, that "All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand" In the end, she can no longer cope with the guilt, and in the words of Malcolm in the last scene of the play. "Who, as ‘tis thought, by self and violent hands Took of her life-†¦" It seems now that Lady Macbeth must have been less strong, and not as evil as Macbeth. When she took part in the planning of the murder of Duncan, she felt so guilty in the long run that she felt she had to take her own life. However, Macbeth has performed crimes that are a lot worse than the crime his wife committed, but he has not decided to do anything as drastic as taking his own life. It is in Act 5 scene 5 that Macbeth shows us the true extent of his insanity. He has lost the capacity to feel fear (for his inevitable death), and grief (for his dead wife). It is in Act 5 Scene 7 that Macbeth’s life comes to an abrupt end, and no one grieves him. He died a tyrant and a murderer, all through his own fault.

Police Brutality Essay

Police brutality occurs daily across America. Police brutality can come in various forms, counting lethal and nonlethal force. Comprehending the exact commonness of police brutality is complex, because of the inconsistency in describing police brutality. The trouble in differentiating among justified and unjustified force. Police interactions often can be misconstrued, or sometimes turned around against an officer. Questionable behavior and complaints against officers can be filed by even the most violent of criminals. Often, the officer may restrain a potentially dangerous citizen, and be accused of excessive force. Overall, this results in not only a mark against the institution of law enforcement and the officer specifically, but also in a lack of action in the future enforcements. Does the use of excessive force serve as purpose in reducing and controlling crime? How is the public affected by police brutality? How does mass media affect police brutality? This essay will further carefully examine the problems of police brutality. The use of excessive force could be used negatively or positively in reducing and controlling crime. Police officers have a rough profession to do, and some of the circumstances they face are as intense as they are risky. The use of force is essential to controlling suspects, and to avoid suspects from harming officers and others. Suspects often become forceful when detained or when they believe they have little or nothing to lose. In a flawless system authorities would use only a reasonable amount of force essential to subdue and apprehend the suspect, but such a text-perfect theory fails to take into justification the actualities of life. Many circumstances of alleged police brutality comes from unnecessary force clashes. Hostile suspects are tough to control and police must rely on training, non-lethal, and lethal force to maintain suspects. Further, use of force by a police officer has a possible deterrent outcome on crime. In demand to accomplish deterrence, these influences are essential: inevitability of detection, harshness of punishment, and swiftness of  penalty. Permitting police officers to use any technique needed to detain and take suspects to justice would let police officers to achieve all required basics to deter future criminal conduct. The criminal would be deterred from committing crime under the awareness that if caught by the police, direct and harsh reprimand would be inflicted. This moment would deter criminals from future crimes, but also citizens learning of the strict punishment. In fact, in a 1991 study of 57 U.S. cities, economist Dale Cloninger found an inverse relationship between the rate of civilians killed by police and the non-homicide violent crime rate: for a one percent increase in police killings, violent crime decreases one-sixth of a percent. Numerous disputes against allowing unjustified use of force by police, considering this cruel mien has harmful consequences for the public. In addition to the weakened faith in the police on the social level and the confrontational consequences for police officers, police brutality also destructively affects the victim, who will probably undergo physical injuries and psychological effects from the event. The cause and implication of these injuries is reliant on the kind of force used against the suspect; injury could vary from bruises on the minor level, to eternal physical disfigurement, emotional damage, or death on the severe level. All wounds from excessive use of force have led to reduce faith in police officers. Other concerns could lead to the victims of brutality, with increased discrimination and revengeful offending because of a restraint to call the police. When the police use excessive force on a suspect even when a suspect is not resisting, the public’s level of skepticism against the police is amplified. If people trust an authority is genuine, they will willingly comply with the guidelines, choices, and social measures of the authority. Excessive force by police can inflame powerful community responses, predominantly when it is unjustified or has the form of being unjustified. For example, there was a strong negative reaction in the aftermath of the shooting of Oscar Grant in Oakland (2009) and the shooting of Shawn Bell in New York City (2006), and riots occurred after. Communities regularly react negatively to police brutality; urban communities nearly constantly respond negatively to police assaults of minorities. These actions hurt  police-community dealings and can weaken citizens’ perceived respect for police authority. In some cases, the community also experiences the impact of police brutality on its victims. Citizens acquire majority of their info regarding police activity from the media. The media often present a slanted picture of the role of police to the public. When police brutality arises, it often appears in the media, receiving attention to the problem and inspiring reform. Eliminating police brutality from society is an apparently impossible mission, particularly if society gives police officers authority and discretion. Mass Media has a massive effect on police brutality; the types of actions that are brought on by police brutality brings negative media attention, further damaging the reputation of the police within society. An example of the power of the media exposure with police use of force can be seen in the â€Å"Don’t Taser Me Bro!† incident from the University of Florida in 2004. Student Andrew Meyer was arrested during a forum with visiting U.S. Senator John Kerry, after he demanded access to a closed microphone, confronted the senator with questions, and then forcefully resisted officers who attempted to remove him. After the officers’ decision to use a Taser gun on Meyer, controversy and media attention exploded. In addition to negative consequences for police officers, there could be negative penalties for individual officers, with civil liability suits, criminal prosecution, and job loss. The media often feature widespread instances or patterns of misconduct by officers or by entire police administrations; it has steered to greater police liability and administrative change. Mass media has the influence to spread anywhere and when an event similar to Andrew Meyer occurs it’s one of those cases. Moreover mass media doesn’t just have impact for just the officers; it marks the victims in the sense that they need to live with public knowledge of the tragedy that impacted there life at that certain point in time. Mass media also has role in altering public confidence in police officers. After media exposure of police misconduct, blue ribbon panels, or commissions, have been given the task of investigating the nature and degree of the misconduct, corruption, or brutality to introduc e reform. In Conclusion, I feel that police brutality has immense impact on the world, just because you don’t see it in front of your eyes doesn’t mean it’s not happening. There are police brutality cases and events that happen that are unknown to people. Perhaps no issue can impact on the personal and professional career of a law enforcement officer more than a lawsuit alleging excessive use of force. Most officers will use non-deadly force far more frequently than they will use deadly force. The constitutional standard for using any force, whether deadly or not is the Fourth Amendment standard † objective reasonableness.† In Graham V. Connor; Based on totality of circumstances the reasonableness of particular use of force must judge from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene rather than the 20/20 vision of hindsight. There is no perfect answer when using force. In the eyes of the media or public, use of force is always going to be unjustifiable, until the public and the media, are educated on the standards that the court uses to determine if the use of force was justifiable. I don’t think police brutality will go away that easily, but I think in time cases of police brutality will be reduced. â€Å"Work cited† Frost A. Natasha â€Å"NEWS MEDIA AND POLICE.† _Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement._ Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. _Credo Reference_. Web. 14 February 2013. Boggess, Lyndsay N., Christopher Donner, and Jonathan Maskaly. â€Å"Police Brutality.† Key Issues in Crime and Punishment: Police and Law Enforcement. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2011. Credo Reference. Web. 12 February 2013. Chevigny, Paul G. â€Å"Police Brutality.† Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 12 February 2013. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Legal Division Handbook â€Å"USE OF FORCE† Homeland Security: Publications, 2010

Organizational Development Issues and Integration of the Functional Strategies of Pepsi Co Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Pepsi Co has adopted different flavors across the world. While going into the international market, the focus is on adopting local tastes. With the changing environment of the global market where the customers focus on better healthy lifestyle Pepsi Co has come up with the new slogan of Better for you Good for you . Pepsi Co has increased the ratio of employing local employees as an international HR strategy. By imposing this kind of strategy Pepsi Co has been able to show themselves as a part of the domestic body. After 2008, Pepsi Co focused more on developing countries like China, India, Mexico, and Russia. They offer a wide variety of products in the developed US market. They have now expanded their product categories in the outside market also. As per the new customer expectation, Pepsi has introduced low calorie and low saturated fat products in other countries. Brazil and China in this sense can be a greater opportunity for Pepsi. After 2008, the potentials shown in the mar ket are as follows: Threats: The increased awareness for the healthy, fat-free sugar-free items has reduced the consumption of carbonated drink sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Development Issues and Integration of the Functional Strategies of Pepsi Co or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page